tr
Translate or delete characters
tr translates character by character. tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' uppercases everything. tr -d '\n' removes newlines. tr ',' '\t' converts CSV commas to tabs.
Example
$ echo 'hello world' | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
HELLO WORLD
Tip: Type it yourself in the terminal below - reading is not the same as doing.